Date: 2009.04.02 | Category: EU Commission | Response: 0

                                                                                        

El 2 de abril del 2009 en Dusseldorf, el GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG (GCH), un grupo de 16 clubes de balonmano élite de 8 países, se quejan junto con la Comisión Europea, la DG Dirección General de Competiciones contra la Federación Internacional de Balonmano (IHF) y la Federación Europea de Balonmano (EFH).

 

La queja se basa en el hecho de que negociaciones previas con ambas organizaciones no han obtenido resultados satisfactorios. Todos los cambios estructurales llevados a cabo en el Balonmano Europeo durante los dos pasados años no son el resultado de las negociaciones entre los partidos afectados (los Clubes y las Federaciones), sino de decisiones unilaterales del congreso de la EFH.

 

En la queja, el GCH denuncia una gran violación legal del artículo 81/82 llevada a cabo por el IHF y/o EHF:

 

1.     La imposición a los clubes de condiciones excesivas e injustas en cuanto a la liberación de sus jugadores a favor de las federaciones y a las mismas IHF/EHF (competiciones de equipo nacionales);

2.     La prohibición para los clubes de organizar ellos mismos, a nivel internacional, las competiciones de clubes y como efecto de esto, el exclusivo control ejercido por IHF/EHF en todos los aspectos de tales competiciones de clubes internacionales, especialmente en los aspectos comerciales y financieros, usando si es necesario competencias deportivas (monopolio de los servicios de los árbitros, etc.) para mantener este monopolio económico.

3.     Determinación unilateral del calendario, esto es la distribución de las fechas de partidos entre el equipo nacional de balonmano y el balonmano de clubes.

4.     Más en general, la exclusión total de los clubes del gobierno del balonmano internacional;

5.     Excesivas regulaciones en cuanto a la licencia de productos relacionados con el balonmano;

6.     La prohibición para los clubes (y para los jugadores) de buscar una reparación en los tribunales, y como efecto de esto, la obligación de disipar las disputas exclusivamente dentro de la entidad arbitral establecidas o reconocidas por IH/ EHF.

 

Por un lado se encuentran las IHF/EHF, y los clubes profesionales de élite (en particular los miembros del GCH) y por otro lado están los feroces competidores en el mismo mercado.

 

Estos compiten por la disponibilidad de los jugadores (y fechas de los partidos, es decir el calendario), los estadios, los derechos de retransmisión televisiva y recursos publicitarios, instituciones y por supuesto espectadores.

 

Sin embargo, el resultado de esta competencia de relaciones, no está regulada por el mercado, sino por la “autoridad” unilateral de IHF/EHF, la cual usa su posición de gobierno para mantener (o incrementar) la posición de mercado que ven como adecuada.

 

En resumen, las IHF/EHF imponen, con pena de sanción, a todos los clubes del mundo, en particular a los miembros del club del GCH a liberar a sus jugadores contratados:

 

        sin ningún tipo de compensación económica.

        sin la obligación de asegurarlos contra las lesiones y enfermedades en el tiempo de tales liberaciones.

        como muchas veces y mientras sea decidido de forma unilateral por las IHF/EHF;

        para crear un producto de competición, esto es eventos de equipos nacionales y en cuanto a los productos de clubes, eventos de clubes.

 

Como resultado de todo esto, en 2008, el equipo alemán sumó un total  de 125 días y el equipo croata un total de 170 días.

 

En último lugar, pero no por ello menos importante, la IHF y la EHF programan sus eventos de equipos nacionales especialmente en enero, siendo este mes el mejor periodo del año para balonmano (debido a las condiciones climáticas y la pausa futbolística de invierno). Ese tiempo se encuentra justamente en la mitad de la temporada de los clubes, cuya continuidad es interrumpida de forma abrupta (en detrimento de los clubes, esponsores, fans, etc…). Así pues cuando los clubes reanudan sus actividades, tienen que hacerlo con jugadores agotados (si no bien lesionados).

 

Los miembros de clubes del GCH consideran que en cuanto al tema de proporcionar un seguro y compensación financiera llevado a cabo por las federaciones, así como una liberación de sus jugadores por un máximo de duración de 45 días por año, fuera de la temporada de juego de los clubes, sería adecuado para garantizar la existencia de tales eventos de equipos nacionales.

La EHF controla y decide de forma unilateral (por consiguiente, excluyendo a los clubes de la decisión de crear el procedimiento) el formato y el modelo de marketing de las competiciones de los clubes europeos, especialmente la EHF Liga de Campeones.

 

Según el punto de vista del GCH, los clubes en general y los miembros de los clubes de la GCH en particular (como principales copropietarios de los derechos de los eventos del balonmano de clubes europeos, en particular la Liga de Campeones) debería gozar de la irrefutable libertad de organizar el mercado y de dirigir sus competiciones nacionales, estando el papel de la EHF estrictamente limitado a actuar de guardián de las éticas deportivas, teniendo responsabilidad en todos los asuntos concernientes al arbitraje de los partidos y con la disciplina de garantizar el respeto de los diferentes reglamentos del juego, y su ética deportiva en y del campo.

 

El querellante reclama de la Comisión Europea que constate:

 

– que los reglamentos existentes de la EHF/IHF en cuanto a la liberación de los jugadores, constituyen restricciones de competición injustificadas, de ahí la violación del artículo 81 del Tratado de la EC, especialmente desde que esas reglas, generan, en detrimento de los clubes, restricciones que no son ni inherentes ni proporcionales al objetivo legítimo de mantener un adecuado nivel de competiciones a nivel de equipos nacionales.

– que el sistema de autorización de mayor importancia en cuanto a la organización de partidos de balonmano de los clubes, así como la organización/administración unilateral de las competiciones de clubes europeos por la EHF, llevado a cabo por las diversas provisiones denunciadas, como tal, constituye restricciones de competición injustificadas, especialmente desde que las IHF/EHF son los mayores y directos contrincantes de los clubes.

– que el reglamento y/o prácticas existentes de las IHF/EHF en relación al calendario deportivo, constituye restricciones de competición injustificadas, esto es pues, una violación del artículo 81 del Tratado de la EC.

– que, más en general, (el reglamento de la liberación de jugadores y del calendario son solamente ejemplos de esto), la total exclusión de los clubes del gobierno del balonmano internacional (lo cual afecta directamente o indirectamente a los clubes), como es actualmente organizado por los reglamentos de la IHF/EHF, constituye una restricción de competición, lo cual viola el artículo 81 del tratado de la EC:

– que los reglamentos existentes de las IHF/EHF que prohíben especialmente a los clubes buscar soluciones en los tribunales especialmente desde que estos reglamentos estructurados como en la actualidad, permiten a las IHF/EHF mantener las tales mencionadas restricciones y en consecuencia genera en detrimento de los clubes, restricciones que no son ni inherentes ni proporcionadas al objetivo de promover un desarrollo harmonioso entre ambos, el club de balonmano de internacional y el balonmano de equipos nacionales.

 

El Dr. Gerd BUTZECK, Manager general del GCH expone lo siguiente:

“En el baloncesto en primer lugar y en fútbol en segundo lugar, gracias al “caso Charleroi“, los clubes y las federaciones internacionales, se han dado por conformadas y han encontrado un equilibrio entre los eventos de los clubes y de los equipos nacionales. El GCH está convencido de que en base de que la decisión sea revocada por la Comisión Europea, una evolución similar tendría lugar en el balonmano.”

 

El GCH está representado por el famoso experto del derecho Deportivo Europeo; Mr. Jean-Louis DUPONT.

(El abogado DUPONT es conocido especialmente por haber llevado los siguientes casos: BOSMAN (1995), HAGI (1996), VALGO (1998), los cuales provocaron una evolución global en los reglamentos de transpaso de la FIFA. MECA-MEDINA fue el caso que dejó al ECJ  el 18 de julio de 2006, (contra la opinión de la Comisión Europea) juzgar que los reglamentos adoptados por las federaciones internacionales decaen dentro del ámbito del derecho de la UE (sin ”excepción deportiva” a favor de las federaciones) en cuanto tengan consecuencias económicas y el caso CHARLEROI como abogado de los G-14 que generó un acuerdo tomado fuera de los tribunales (15 de enero de 2008) a través del cual los clubes de fútbol de élite, por un lado, y por otro lado la FIFA/UEFA aceptaron un mejor entendimiento en la relación entre el fútbol de clubes y el fútbol de equipos nacionales).

 

DUPONT manifiesta los siguiente:

“No está justificado, ni de forma moral ni legal, que algunas entidades con base suiza como la IHF, restrinjan de forma exagerada la libertad a cientos de empresas de la UE, esto es los clubes, de desarrollar un modelo deportivo verdaderamente Europeo, para el beneficio de todos los consumidores de la UE.

 

Especialmente, estas restricciones son inaceptables desde que son impuestas no en el interés general, sino por los reales contrincantes, esto es, las federaciones, para favorecer los equipos de balonmano nacionales, en detrimento excesivo para los clubes.

 

Se ha de encontrar un mejor equilibrio entre todas las partes interesadas, en base a una clarificación legal, que el GCH ha pedido de la Comisión Europea”.

Date: 2009.04.02 | Category: EHF, EU Commission, IHF | Response: 0

 

Dusseldorf, 2.4.09

GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG (GCH), a grouping of 16 European top Handballclubs from 8 countries, lodged a complaint with the European Commission, DG Competition, against International Handball Federation (IHF) and European Handball Federation (EHF).

 

The complaint is based on the fact that previous negotiations with both organisations have not provided satisfactory results. All structural changes, implemented in European Handball during the past 2 years, are not a result of negotiations between the concerned parties (Clubs and Federations) but unilateral decisions of the EHF-Congress.

 

In the complaint, GCH denounces various major violations of article 81/82 EC committed by IHF and/or EHF:

 

1. the imposition on the clubs of excessive and unfair conditions regarding the release of their players in favour of the federations and of IHF/EHF themselves (national team competitions);

 

2. the prohibition for the clubs to organize themselves, at international level, the club competitions and, as a corollary, the exclusive control exercised by IHF/EHF on all the aspects of such international club competitions, in particular the commercial and financial aspects, using when needed their sporting competences (monopoly on the services of the referees, etc.) in order to maintain this economic monopoly;

 

3. the unilateral determination of the calendar, i.e. the sharing of the playing dates between national team handball and club handball;

 

4. more generally, the total exclusion of the clubs from the governance of international handball;

 

5. the prohibition for the clubs (and for the players) to seek redress in the ordinary courts and, as a corollary, the obligation to settle any disputes exclusively within the “arbitration” bodies set up or recognised by IHF/EHF.

 

For the first time, the European Commission is officially asked to examine the compatibility of player release rules as well as rules related to the production of sport club events (champions league) with EU competition law. Morever, it should be noted that this request comes from an European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG), whose members are the leading handball clubs in Europe”.

 

The IHF/EHF, on the one hand, and the top professional clubs (in particular GCH’s members), on the other hand, are fierce competitors on the same market.

 

They compete for the availability of players (and playing dates, i.e. calendar), arenas, TV rights and advertising/sponsoring resources, agencies and of course spectators.

 

However, the result of this competition relationship is not regulated by the “market” but by the unilateral “authority” of IHF/EHF, which use their governing position in order to maintain (or increase) the market position they find adequate.

 

In short, IHF and EHF impose, on pain of sanctions, to all clubs in the world, in particular to GCH’s members clubs, the release of their employed players:

 

· without any financial compensation;

 

· with the obligation to ensure them against injuries and illness for the duration of such release;

 

· as many times and for as long as unilaterally decided by IHF/EHF;

 

· in order to produce a competing product, i.e. national team events, to the club’s product, i.e. club events.

 

As a result, in 2008, the German national team gathered for a total of 125 days and the Croatian national team for a total of 170 days.

 

Last but not least, IHF and EHF schedule their national team events in particular in January, which is the best period of the year for handball (due to weather conditions and to the winter break in football) and which is right in the middle of the clubs’ season, whose continuity is abruptly interrupted (to the detriment of clubs, sponsors, fans, etc.). When the clubs resume their activities, they will have to do so with exhausted (if not injured) players.

 

GCH’s members clubs consider that, subject to proper insurance and financial compensation to be borne by the federations, a release of their players for a maximum duration of 45 days per year, outside of the clubs’ season, would be adequate in order to guarantee the existence of sound national team events.

 

EHF controls and decides unilaterally (thus, excluding the clubs from the decision – making process) the format and the marketing model of the European club competitions, in particular the EHF Champions League.

 

In GCH’s view, the clubs in general and the GCH’s members clubs in particular (as main co-owners of the rights of the European Club handball events, in particular the EHF Champions League) should enjoy the unfettered freedom to organise, to market and to manage their international competitions, EHF’s role being strictly limited to acting as guardian of the sporting ethics, having responsibility for all matters connected with refereeing of matches and with the discipline guaranteeing the respect of the different rules of the game and the sporting ethic on and off the pitch.

 

The complainant asks from the European Commission to hold:

 

– that the IHF/EHF rules on release of players constitute unjustified restrictions of competition, hence violating article 81 of the EC Treaty, in particular since these rules, generate to the detriment of the clubs restrictions that are nor inherent nor proportionate to the legitimate objective of maintaining an adequate level of national team competitions;

 

– that the system of prior authorisation regarding the organisation of club handball matches, as well as the unilateral organisation/management of the European club competitions by EHF, implemented by the various denounced provisions, as such constitute unjustified restrictions of competition, in particular since IHF/EHF are direct and major competitors of the clubs

 

– that the existing IHF/EHF rules and/or practices regarding the sporting calendar constitute unjustified restrictions of competition, hence violating article 81 of the EC Treaty

 

– that, more generally (the rules on player release and on the calendar being just examples of it), the total exclusion of the clubs from the governance of international handball (for all questions affecting directly or indirectly the clubs), as currently organized by the IHF/EHF rules, constitutes an unjustified restriction of competition, hence violating article 81 of the EC Treaty,

 

– that the existing IHF/EHF rules that prohibit in particular the clubs to seek redress in the ordinary courts, in particular since these rules, as currently structured, enable IHF/EHF to maintain the above mentioned restrictions and thus generate to the detriment of the clubs restrictions that are nor inherent nor proportionate to the legitimate objective of promoting an harmonious development of both international club handball and national team handball;

 

Dr. Gerd BUTZECK, General Manager of GCH, states the following:

“In Basketball first and later on in football, thanks to the “Charleroi case”, the clubs and the international federations have come to terms and have found a better balance between club and national team events. GCH is convinced that, on the basis of the decision to be rendered by the European Commission, a similar evolution will take place in handball”.

 

GCH is represented by the famous expert on European Sport law, Mr. Jean-Louis DUPONT.

 

(Lawyer DUPONT is in particular known for having led the following cases: BOSMAN (1995), HAGI (1996), BALOG (1998), which provoked a global evolution of the FIFA regulations on transfer, MECA-MEDINA, the case that let the ECJ, on 18 July 2006, (against the opinion of the European Commission) to judge that all rules adopted by the international federations fall within the scope of EU law (no “sporting exemption” in favour of the federations) as soon as they have economic consequences and The CHARLEROI CASE, as counsel for G-14, which generated the out-of-court settlement (15 January 2008) whereby the top football clubs, on the one hand, and FIFA/UEFA, on the other hand, agreed on a new better balanced relationship between club football and national team football).

 

DUPONT states:

“It is not justified, nor morally nor legally, that some Swiss based entities, like IHF, restrict exaggeratedly the freedom of hundreds of EU companies, i.e. the clubs, to develop a truly European sport model, for the benefit of all EU consumers.

In particular, those restrictions are unacceptable since they are enforced not in the general interest of handball but by real competitors, i.e. the federations, and in order to unduly favour national team handball, to the excessive detriment of the clubs.

A better balance has to be found between all interested parties, on the basis of the legal clarification that GCH has requested from the European Commission”.

Date: 2009.03.26 | Category: GCH | Response: 0

 

GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG would like to congratulate the Danish, French, German and Spanish professional handball leagues for todays foundation of ‚European Professional Handball League Association’.

We wish all the very best to EPHLA and offer our close co-operation in order to achieve common targets in the future.

Date: 2009.03.25 | Category: GCH | Response: 0

 

Uwe Schwenker, Vice-President and board member of GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG requested to be temporarily represented by his deputy, Fynn Holpert (Flensburg).The request was announced due to various allegations against THW Kiel which are currently investigated by the public prosecutor of Kiel.

The request of Uwe Schwenker shall not be regarded as an acknowledgement of any guilt. GB

Date: 2009.03.17 | Category: EHF, GCH | Response: 0

 

GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG offers support to European Handball Federation (EHF) in order to improve the current refereeing system as soon as possible.The following proposals shall be regarded as a basis for discussions:

1. An independent European referee office is responsible for organisation and nomination of referees and delegates (further on referees).

2. Every country has at least one referee official. He is taking care of the referees on behalf of the European referee office. He might issue invitations for visas, recommend or book hotel, and/or pick up referees at the airport, if necessary. He is not linked to clubs or national federations. He has to report to the referee office.

3. Travelling is organized by referees and European referee office. Clubs are not involved at all. There is no common dinner, meeting or similar before and after the match.

4. Referees are not allowed to have any contacts with clubs or club representatives. If a referee is contacted by a club – for whatsoever reason – he has to report it immediately to the European referee office. This will be controlled by the European referee office.

5. The clubs are not allowed to contact referees. Referees have to report about any contacts with clubs.

6. Refereeing has to be totally independent and separated from the European Handball Federation (EHF) office.
The responsibility for nominations is exclusively with the European referee office. No handball politicians or tournament management should be able to take influence.

7. The position of the Delegate shall be upgraded. He should be fully responsible for the bench.

8. The performance of delegates shall be judged by the referees. The performance of the referees shall be judged by delegates and coaches. A detailed control system with responsibilities for coaches, delegates and referees should to be established.

9. It has to be discussed whether it is necessary to referee in couples from one country. It might be a possible to nominate every time various referees from various countries for one match.

10. The delegates should be specialists which means that they should be former or active referees. Delegates should not be nominated due to political reasons.

The current statement has to be seen in relation with the rumours about bribery in Handball. GCH insists that Kiel and Lemme/Ulrich have to be regarded as innocent as long as no relevant proves have been forwarded.

At the same GCH encourages all competent bodies to clarify the correctness of the current allegations which jeopardize the future of Handball.

European Handball Federation (EHF) and GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG should closely co-operate in the spirit of fairness to optimize transparently the refereeing system and adopt it to the necessities of modern handball.

Date: 2009.02.23 | Category: GCH, IHF | Response: 0

 

GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG* asks for detailed explanations of Hassan Moustafa, President of the International Handball Federation (IHF).

On occasion of it’s 10th ordinary meeting, held on 2nd February 2009 in Zagreb, GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG (GCH) dealt with a number of irregularities within the International Handball Federation (IHF), having been provoked by it’s President Hassan Moustafa.

GCH discussed in detail the following issues which have brought this sport in serious disrepute:

Travel expenses compensation scandal

The President of the IHF, Hassan Moustafa, received more than 500.000 CHF from International Handball Federation (IHF) for compensation of travel expenses without forwarding any receipts.

Egyptian Doping affair during the Pre-Olympic Tournament in Athens

The Egyptian team played with half of their players only whilst the other half of the squad was sitting on the tribune; the Egyptian Federation and their President Hassan Moustafa complained about the fact that they had not been informed about the scheduled Doping controls prior to the tournament.

Payments around the Egyptian World Championship 1999

According to a report of the German Spiegel-online magazine, dated 31.1.09, 695.420,98 USD were not received by the Egyptian Federation until 1.9.2003, but deposited on an account at Credit Mutual bank in Strasbourg.
The authority to sign for this account was with Hassan Moustafa.

Wada Code/Holdhaus resignation affair

Due to various statements of Prof. Hans Holdhaus, former Chairman of the Anti-Doping-Unit of the International Handball Federation (IHF), Hassan Moustafa cut the anti doping budget of the medical commission and requested to be informed about doping controls upfront. The independent anti-doping unit was dissolved. This endangers the status of handball as Olympic sport.

Toyota Olympic Qualification affair

For the first time in history an Olympic qualification tournament had to be re-played, as the Jordanian Referees had obviously been cheating (CAS, case 2008 O 1483). The German referees Lemme/Ulrich initially nominated by the International Handball Federation (IHF) were withdrawn by IHF President Hassan Moustafa.

Despite these facts the Council of the International Handball Federation (IHF) decided unanimously to invite Peter Muhlematter to resign as General Secretary during the IHF council meeting in Zagreb, on 31st January 2009.

After careful examination of the above issues, GCH unanimously came to the conclusion that IHF President Hassan Moustafa (and not Peter Muhlematter), by his irresponsible conduct, is causing serious damage to international Handball and herewith puts in danger the status of Handball as an Olympic sport.

As a result, GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG asks Hassan Moustafa as President of the International Handball Federation (IHF) for detailed explanations and invites all governing bodies in handball to put their efforts in restoring order and respect for the rules and fair spirit of the game.

* ‘GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG – Circle of the Best’ is an European Economic Interest Group, representing the interests of the following clubs:

FC Barcelona (ESP), Celje Pivovarna Lasko (SLO), Chehovskie Medvedi (RUS), BM Ciudad Real (ESP), SG Flensburg-Handewitt (GER), HSV Hamburg (GER), THW Kiel (GER), KIF Kolding Elite A/S (DEN), TBV Lemgo (GER), Reale Ademar Leon (ESP), SC Magdeburg (GER), Montpellier HB (FRA), Portland San Antonio (ESP), Pevafersa Valladolid (ESP), MKB Veszprém KC (HUN), HC Croatia Osiguranje-Zagreb (CRO).

Date: 2009.02.08 | Category: GCH | Response: 0

 

The 10th ordinary assembly of ‘GROUP CLUB HANDBALL – Circle of the Best’ (GCH) took place on 2.2.2009 in Zagreb/Croatia.

GCH is concerned about the proceedings around International Handball Federation (IHF) which seriously damage the image of handball. The clubs advised the president of GCH, Joan Marin, to contact the President of the European Handball Federation (EHF), Mr. Tor Lian, in order to receive more information.

GCH is also concerned about the policy of International Handball Federation (IHF), not to paid any compensation for injured players. The players Nikcevic/San Antonio/ESP and Kraus/Lemgo/GER are seriously injured and will not be able to play for their clubs in the next months. This will have direct influence on the tables of Spain and Germany.
GCH decided to take action against the policy of International Handball Federation (IHF).

GCH decided enlarge to 24 teams. The teams of

DEN: FCK Handbold A/S
ESP: CAI BM Aragon Zaragoza
FRA: Chambery Savoie HB
GER: Rhein-Neckar-Lions
HUN: Pick Szeged
SLO: RK Gorenje Velenje
SUI: Kadetten Handball Schaffhausen
SWE: Hammarby

are invited to join the grouping.

The clubs were elected in autumn 2007 according to the EC ranking for season 2007/2008.

Date: 2008.11.04 | Category: GCH | Response: 0

 

On 3rd November 2008 GROUP CLUB HANDBALL EEIG met in Mallorca in order to discuss the results of the last congress of the European Handball Federation (EHF) which took place on 26th of September in Vienna and the council meeting of the International Handball Federation (IHF) which took place on 17th October in Herzogenaurach/GER.

The EHF congress decided to pay compensation to the clubs for the release of players to the European Championships in the amount of 10% of profit of the Euro (but minimum EUR 400.000).

The EHF congress elected Joan Marin (Ciudad Real) as Chairman of the new Club Committee.
As chairman of this committee J. Marin will be a member of the EHF competitions commission.

The EHF congress established a working group which shall make proposals regarding the question when (January or May) European Championships. J. Marin will be member of this group.

The IHF council meeting did not take any decisions regarding the issues which are of interests for the clubs, such as

– insurance of player salaries
– compensation to the clubs for the release of players
– reduction of the number of Championships
– World Championships to be played in May

IHF continues to refuse to negotiate any questions with the clubs.

Taking in account the above mentioned results the assembly decided unanimously

1. to intensify negotiations with EHF and IHF on formal and informal level in order to achieve

– a reduction from 5 Championships in 4 years
(2 World Championships, 2 European Championships + Olympic Games) to 3 Championships in 4 years

– to limit the number of national team days to a maximum per year
– to move the World- and European Championships from January to the end of May
– an insurance of the player salaries whilst the players are working for their national teams
– compensation for the release of players to the national teams

2. to intensify preparations for ‘Euroleague Handball’.

The clubs want to be prepared if the negotiations with IHF/EHF remain without satisfactory result.